Report Details

Property Values

Studies reviewed include research based articles that focused on John L. Crompton’s Proximate Principle. The calculation involves estimating the market value of homes with a defined area (example 500 feet) of a park and then using a very conservative multiplier to estimate the incremental value attributable to park proximity. The local tax rate is applied by the user to the market value to estimate the incremental tax value.

Citations:
Crompton, John, and Sarah Nicholls. 2020. “The Impact on Property Prices of the Proportion of Park-like Space in the Proximate Area.” World Leisure Journal 63(2): 201–15.

Crompton, John L., and Sarah Nicholls (2006). An Assessment of Tax Revenues Generated by Homes Proximate to a Greenway. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration 24(3), 103-108

Crompton, John L. (2005). The Impact of Parks on Property Values: Empirical Evidence from the Past Two Decades in the United States. Leisure Management 10, 203-218

Harnick, Peter, and Ben Welle. 2009. Measuring the Economic Value of a City Park System. The Trust for Public Land. http://cloud.tpl.org/pubs/ccpe-econvalueparks-rpt.pdf.

Liu, Sezhu, and Diane Hite. 2013. AgEcon Search Measuring the Effect of Green Space on Property Value: An Application of the Hedonic Spatial Quantile Regression. Southern Agricultural Economic Association. https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/ 143045.

Nicholls, Sarah, and John L. Crompton. 2005. “The Impact of Greenways on Property Values: Evidence from Austin, Texas.” Journal of Leisure Research 37(3): 321–41.

Healthcare

Citations:
Carlson, Susan A. et al. 2015. “Inadequate Physical Activity and Health Care Expenditures in the United States.” Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 57(4): 315–23. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/ PMC4604440/.

Coughlan, Diarmuid et al. 2021. “Leisure Time Physical Activity throughout Adulthood Is Associated with Lower Medicare Costs: Evidence from the Linked NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study Cohort.” BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 7(1): e001038.

Medical Expenditure Panel Survey Insurance Component 2021 Chartbook. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; October 2022. AHRQ Publication No. 22(23)- 0056.

Michael Pratt, Caroline A. Macera & Guijing Wang (2000) Higher Direct Medical Costs Associated With Physical Inactivity, The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 28:10, 63-70, DOI: 10.3810/psm.2000.10.1237

Reynolds, Gretchen. 2021. “Lifelong Exercise Adds up to Big Health Care Savings.” The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/ 06/16/well/move/exercise-health-care-cost- savings.html.

Towne, Samuel D. et al. 2018. “Physical Activity and Associated Medical Cost Savings among At-Risk Older Adults Participating a Community-Based Health & Wellness Program” ed. Manlio Milanese. PLOS ONE 13(6): e0198239.

Environmental Impact

Greenspaces are natural carbon sinks and can serve as a cost-effective mitigation strategy for addressing climate change. The carbon value used was standardized by the Interagency Working Group on Social Cost of Greenhouse Gases using 2021 carbon value.

Citations:
FEMA Ecosystem Service Value Updates. 2022. https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/ documents/fema_ecosystem-service-value- updates_2022.pdf.

Gitarskiy, M.L. 2019. “THE REFINEMENT to the 2006 IPCC GUIDELINES for NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIES.” Fundamental and Applied Climatology 2: 5–13.

Hoover, C.M., Smith, J.E. Current aboveground live tree carbon stocks and annual net change in forests of conterminous United States. Carbon Balance Manage 16, 17 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13021-021-00179-2

Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emission and Sinks: 1990-2019. 2019. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2021-04/documents/us-ghg-inventory-2021-main-text.pdf.

Morse, Roger, and Nicholas Calderone. 2000. The Value of Honey Bees as Pollinators of U.S. Crops in 2000. https://www.beyondpesticides.org/assets/ media/documents/pollinators/documents /ValueofHoneyBeesasPollinators-2000Report.pdf.

Pimentel, David et al. 1997. “Economic and Environmental Benefits of Biodiversity.” BioScience 47(11): 747–57.

Ray, C. Claiborne. 2012. “Tree Power.” The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/04/ science/how-many-pounds-of-carbon-dioxide-does-our-forest-absorb.html#:~:text=A..

Salm, J. A. Papineau, Marija Bočkarjova, W. J. W. Botzen, and H. A. C. Runhaar. 2023. “Citizens’ Preferences and Valuation of Urban Nature: Insights from Two Choice Experiments.” Ecological Economics 208(169): 107797. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ article/pii/S0921800923000605 (April 20, 2023).

Smith, James E.; Heath, Linda S.; Nichols, Michael C. 2007. US forest carbon calculation tool: forest-land carbon stocks and net annual stock change. Revised. Gen. Tech. Rep. NRS-13. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station. 34 p. [DVD-ROM]. https://doi.org/10.2737/NRS-GTR-13.
STRATUM US Climate Zones Map. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/ STRATUM-Climate-Zones-Source-US-Forest-Service-US-Forest-Service-nd_fig1_265609301.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2015. “Greenhouse Gas Emissions .” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions.
———. 2019. “Greenhouse Gas Equivalencies Calculator .” US EPA. https://www.epa.gov/energy/greenhouse-gas-equivalencies-calculator.
“Winrock International – FLR Carbon Storage Calculator.” winrock.org. https://winrock.org/flr-calculator/.

Tourism Impact

Citations:
Crompton, John. 2005. “How Cities Use Parks to Promote Tourism.” American Planning Association. https://www.planning.org/publications/ document/9148691/.

Dogan Gursoy, Robin Nunkoo, and Medet Yolal. 2020. Festival and Event Tourism Impacts. Routledge.

“Economic Impact of the Nonprofit Arts & Culture Industry.” 2019. Americans for the Arts. https://www.americansforthearts.org/by-program/reports-and-data/research-studies-publications/arts-economic-prosperity-iv/calculator (April 20, 2023).

ECONOMIC IMPACT of TOURISM in KANSAS 2019 Prepared For: Kansas Department of Wildlife, Parks and Tourism 2. 2019. https://tiak.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Economic_ Impact_of_Tourism_in_Kansas_2019.pdf.

“Kansas Tourism Event Impact Calculator.” www.travelks.com. https://www.travelks.com/travel-industry/programs-and-resources/event-impact-calculator/ (April 20, 2023).

Sports Marketing Analysis & Strategic Recommendations. 2017. https://assets.simpleviewinc.com/ simpleview/image/upload/v1/clients/ manhattanks/Visibility_Sports_5a8a23dc-0731-4abc-929d-e95ed1baf949.pdf (April 20, 2023).

Stoll, Jennifer, and Tammy Koerte. 2023. “The Strong Performance of the Sports Tourism Sector and Rising Resident Sentiment of Sport.” Sports ETA. https://www.sportseta.org/blog/2023/01/30/ the-strong-performance-of-the-sports-tourism-sector-and-rising-resident-sentiment-of-sport (April 20, 2023).

THE OUTDOOR RECREATION ECONOMY. 2017. Boulder, CO: Outdoor Industry Association. https://outdoorindustry.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/OIA_RecEconomy _FINAL_Single.pdf.

Zhou, Ran, and Kyriaki Kaplanidou. 2018. “Building Social Capital from Sport Event Participation: An Exploration of the Social Impacts of Participatory Sport Events on the Community.” Sport Management Review 21(5): 491–503.

Job Creation

Parks and events have proven to have a direct economic value and impact in communities by supporting jobs within specific employment sectors and industries. These employment sectors and industries include: recreation, hospitality, tourism, transportation, infrastructure, construction, etc.

Citations:
Bivens, Josh. 2019. “Updated Employment Multipliers for the U.S. Economy.” Economic Policy Institute. https://www.epi.org/publication/updated-employment-multipliers-for-the-u-s-economy/.

ECONOMIC IMPACT of LOCAL PARKS an EXAMINATION of the ECONOMIC IMPACTS of OPERATIONS and CAPITAL SPENDING by LOCAL PARK and RECREATION AGENCIES on the UNITED STATES ECONOMY EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. 2018. https://www.nrpa.org/siteassets/research/ economic-impact-study-summary-2018.pdf.

“Kansas – May 2020 OEWS State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates.” www.bls.gov. https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ks.htm.

“Kansas Labor Information Center (KLIC) – Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics.” klic.dol.ks.gov. https://klic.dol.ks.gov/vosnet/gsipub/ documentView.aspx?enc=Lu+tigjOCxAftHRgnfsSGg== (April 20, 2023).

Parks, Kansas Department of Wildlife &. “Kansas State Parks: Economic Contributions to Regional and State Economies.” ksoutdoors.com. https://ksoutdoors.com/State-Parks/Kansas-State-Parks-Economic-Contributions-to-Regional-and-State-Economies (April 20, 2023).

THE ECONOMIC IMPACT of LOCAL PARKS. 2022. https://www.nrpa.org/contentassets/ f568e0ca499743a08148e3593c860fc5/ 2022economicimpactreport.pdf.

Arts

According to Americans for the Arts, “The arts are a significant economic driver, both in terms of actual economic impact (which is more than $600 billion per year in the United States) and business competitiveness, growth, and sustainability. The intersection of arts and economic development deals with ways to improve the financial well-being of both artists (individual and as a sector of the economy) and the communities in which they live and work.” Arts organizations create activity that support an area to become an appealing place to live, visit, and conduct business, while also providing jobs, attracting community investment, generating tax revenue, and helping to stimulate local economies through tourism and urban renewal.

Citations:
“Arts & Economic Prosperity 6.” 2021. Americans for the Arts. https://www.americansforthearts.org/by-program/reports-and-data/research-studies-publications/arts-economic-prosperity-6.

“Calculator.” 2019. Americans for the Arts. https://www.americansforthearts.org/by-program/reports-and-data/research-studies-publications/arts-economic-prosperity-iv/calculator.

“Social Impact Exploration Wheel | Americans for the Arts.” ww2.americansforthearts.org. https://ww2.americansforthearts.org/ explorer.

The Economic and Employment Impact of the Arts and Music Industry. 2009. One Hundred Eleventh Congress – First Session Ser. No. 111-12. Washington DC: U.S. House of Representatives.